本文目录一览：
英文论文中常用缩写
阅读英文文献，经常会遇到e.g., etc., et al., i.e.,viz.，它们都是拉丁文的缩写，但在现代科技文献中仍广为使用。
注意拉丁缩写只在书面语中使用，平常口语是用现代英语词汇。比如i.e.用that is，读音既可以用现代词汇的that is, 也可读其拉丁文id est。当然更直白的是按字母音读"Eye eee"。
i.e.的全称是id test，它的意思是： 那就是说(that is) 或 换句话说（in other words）
目的 ：当你想要增加句子前面部分的内容，给读者更多的信息，以便于更详细地解释句子的 第一部分 ，让读者更好地理解它。在i.e.后面跟上你期望补充说明的内容，进一步解释前面的内容。
例子 ：
1.I am a vegan, i.e. , I don't eat any animal-based products.
(我是一个素食主义者， 也就是说 ，我不吃任何动物性食品)
2.He works the morning shift, i.e. , from 6 am to 1pm.（他上早班， 即 从早上6点到下午1点）
e.g.的全称是exempli gratia，它的意思是： 例如(for example 或such as或for instance)
目的 ：为读者提供一个例子说明你的意思
例子 ：
它是et alia（"and others; and co-workers"， 等人,等等 ）的缩写。它几乎都是在列文献作者时使用，即把主要作者列出后，其它作者全放在et al. 里面。
例子 : These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al . (2002).
这些结果与Pelon 等人 发表的结果一致
注意 ：1.人的场合用et al.，而无生命的场合用etc.(et cetera)。
2.et后不要加“.”,因为et不是缩写。
3.al 后面要加“.”因为是缩写；
4.与etc.不同，et al.的前面不要逗号。
5.如果et al. 在句子最后，不需要重复两个“.”；
6.如果后面跟“？ ！，”等标点，则还需要“.”;
7.et al. 的前面不要逗号。
它是et cetera(“and so forth; and the others; and other things; and the rest; and so on": 等等 )的缩写。它放在列表的最后，表示前面的例子还没列举完，最后加个词“等等”。
例句 : I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc.
我需要去商店买一些馅饼、牛奶、奶酪等。
注意 ：1.etc.前面要有逗号。
2.不要在e.g.的列表最后用etc( 在including后的列表后也不宜使用etc)，这是因为 e.g. 表示泛泛的举几个例子，并没有囊括所有的实例，其中就已经包含“等等”，如果再加一个 etc. 就多余了，例如这句话： Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g., organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.)是错的
它是videlicet（ "namely", "towit", "precisely", "that is to say"： 即 ）的缩写，与e.g.不同，viz位于同位列表之前，要把它前面单词所包含的项目全部列出。
例句 ：“Each symbol represents one of the four elements, viz. earth, air, fire, and water.”(每个符号代表如下四个元素之一，即： 地球，空气，火焰和水)。
注意 : viz.后面无逗号。
etc英文写作使用方法
etc可以用于口头吗，它在英文写作的使用方法是什么?下面是我给大家整理的etc英文写作使用方法，供大家参阅!
英语写作中I.e.和E.g.还有etc.的用法和区别
Should You Use I.e. or E.g.?
I.e. and e.g. are two of those tricky abbreviations that people often seem to confuse. Here's the quick and dirty tip: use i.e. to introduce a further clarification and e.g. to offer examples. In the sentence I like to eat boardwalk food, i.e., funnel cake and french fries, the use of i.e. indicates those are the only boardwalk foods I enjoy. On the other hand, if I were to say, I like to eat boardwalk food, e.g., funnel cake and french fries, you would know those were just examples--I may also like snow cones and corn dogs.
i.e. 是拉丁文 id est 的缩写，它的意思就是那就是说，换句话说，等同于that is，in other words ，目的是用来进一步解释前面所说的观点。
e.g. 是拉丁文 exempli gratia 的缩写，它的意思是举个例子，比如，等同与for example,目的就是用几个例子来说明前面的观点。
etc.就比较好理解了，它是 etcetera 的缩写，意思是等等，相当于and so on。
e.g. 和 etc. 不能出现在同一句话中，因为 e.g. 是表示泛泛的举几个例子，并没有囊括所有的实例，其中就已经包含等等，如果再加一个 etc. 就画蛇添足了，例如下面这句话就是错的：Writing instructors focus on a number of complex skills that require extensive practice (e.g., organization, clear expression, logical thinking, etc.)
注意，用 i.e. 和 e.g. 还有 etc. 的时候，不要把小点给丢了。
英文论文中i.e.,e.g.,etc.的简要小结
i.e. =即 females, i.e. girls and women
e.g.=for example, You must avoid sweet foods, e.g. cake, chocolate, sugar, and icecream.
etc.=and so on We'd better buy sugar, tea, etc.
e.g. 和 etc. 不能出现在同一句话中，
et al. 斜体放在多个作者后 zhang et al. 1998
记清楚上面逗号的位置
附：
在英语阅读中，读者常常碰到诸如etc.，e.g.，i.e.等一些拉丁语缩略式(abbreviation)，英语写作中也经常用到这些缩略式。本文拟就常见的几个拉丁语缩略式的读法、来源、意思和用法等进行归纳总结并举例说明，希望对读者能有所裨益。
1.
A.M.: A.M.也作a.m.，am。缩自ante meridiem，意为before midday(noon)或time between midnight and noon，副词或名词，译为午前或上午等。
A.M.一般用在表示钟点的数字后面。如果AM和am之后需用句号，则直接置于其后，而A.M.和a.m.后不再加用句号。其他标点符号可直接使用。 例如： I got
up at 6 a.m. (我是早上六点钟起床的。) from 2 to 4 a.m. (从凌晨两点到四点。) 12:00 AM (正午十二点 ) at 10 am (在上午十点 )
2. P.M.: P.M.也作PM，p.m.，pm。缩自post meridiem，意为after midday(noon)或time between noon and
midnight，副词或名词，译为下午或午后。半夜十二点也标作p.m.。 P.M.用法和上面的A.M.相同。 例如： She works from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. (她从上午十一点工作到下午四点。) 12 p.m. (半夜十二点 )，at 3 pm (在下午三点 )。
3. A.D.: A.D.也作AD。缩自Anno Domini，意为(in the year)since the birth of Christ，副词，译为公元。
A.D.在英国英语中通常用在表示公元1000后以前的年代数字之前。在美国英语中A.D.常放在年代数字之后。例如： in AD 55 (英)在公元55年in
55 AD (美)在公元55年。另外，与此相对的一个缩略，B.C.(也作BC)源于英语本身，意为before (the birth of)
Christ，副词，译为公元前。B.C.用在一切表示公元前年代(包括世纪)的数字之后。A.D.和B.C.之后标点符号的用法与A.M.相同。 例如： Rome was begun in the year 753 B.C. 罗马始建于公元前753年。
4. e.g.:
e.g.也作eg，缩自exempli gratia，副词，意为for example，译为例如。
e.g.之后接所举例子，它可置于句首或名子中间。当用在名子中间时，它前面一般都有逗号。e.g.和后面例子之间常无其他标点符号。如果是几例并举(不论是词、短语或句子哪种形式)，那么各例之间用逗号隔开，最后的两个例项之间也可用连词and或or连接，例如：You must avoid sweet foods, e.g. cake, chocolate, sugar, and icecream.
5. i.e.: i.e.也作ie，缩id
est，副词，意为that is(to say)或in other words，译为那就是或即。
i.e.通常表示其后面的部分是对前面部分的解释或说明。i.e.之前一般用逗号。 例如： females, i.e. girls and women (女子，即女孩和妇女)
6. etc.: etc.也作c，缩自et
cetera(偶作etcetera)。etc.在英语中仍读作，副词，意为and the rest或and so forth或and so
on，译为等等或及其他。 etc.用在并列的几个事或物之后，表示举例未尽。它不宜用于人，说人是宜用英语单词and others。etc.用在句中或句末，其前面一般为逗号，不再用and等连词。当它出现在句子中间时，其后需加上逗号;在句末时，其后的句号则省去不用。其他句末标点符号，如感叹号!、疑问号?等等，则直接用在etc.之后。etc.有时可重复连用。
例如： We'd better buy sugar, tea, etc. (我们最好买点糖茶之类的东西。)
总的来说，这缩写只在专业的书面语中使用，口语中是从来不用的
英语六级写作etc
Due Attention Should Be Given To the Study of Chinese
Do you remember these famous litterateurs: Lu Xun, Zhu Ziqing, Laoshe or Bing Xin? How familiar these names are! Unfortunately, countless students pay no attention to the study of Chinese. Nowadays, Internet, English and game occupy students’ time and attention. For the majority of students, the study of Chinese has become a remote memory. Why such a phenomenon emerges? Educators attribute it to the ignorance of university administration. Chinese is an essential course for college students in China. However, for a long time there has been a neglect in the study of Chinese. Taking a look around, every teacher encourages students to spend all time on learning English. On the contrary, none of them promotes students to learn Chinese. In the wake of this situation, students will make growing Chinese mistakes in spelling, reading and speaking. Maybe someday, Chinese would fade from historical stage.
In my opinion, some drastic measures should be taken. First of all, we can raise students’ awareness that the study of Chinese is indispensable to us. In addition, teachers can offer more courses related to Chinese or Chinese culture. Finally, we can promote CCT(college Chinese testing) . In a word, due attention should be given to the study of Chinese.
Recently it often hits headlines of newspapers that some prestigious universities like Tongji exclude Chinese from the subjects to be tested in their practice of independent admission. This has aroused heated
discussion among the public -- Is Chinese not so important as English? What if we neglect the study of our mother tongue?
First of all, globalization counts much for this phenomenon. In modern society, information in most media, be it the Internet or newspaper, is conveyed in English. As a saying goes, one can go to every corner of the world without any difficulty in communicating with local people. Unfortunately, while we emphasize the importance of English, we underrate the value of Chinese though China has been developing at an amazing speed.
But neglecting the study of Chinese is extremely harmful if the situation is left unfettered. The major harm is that China’s traditional value is likely to get lost because language and ideas are interlocked in most cases. For example, when interviewed, most youngsters show that they are quite unfamiliar with some famous figures and their sayings. To sum up, many reasons are responsible for the phenomenon and it will do us harm if we leave the situation as it is. Faced with the problem, we are expected to take effective measures. For one thing, the
government should work out rules to ensure the time for the study of Chinese in school. Only in this way, can we find a cure for the problem.
i.e. e.g. etc et al等具体应该怎么用，特别是在论文中？？？
i.e means that is, 是补充说明；而e.g short for example, 也就是举例子；etc通常用于事物的等等省略， 而et al则常用在论文作者描述中，表示第一作者及其他作者等。
